geographical adj

1 of or relating to the science of geography [syn: geographic]

2 determined by geography; "the north and south geographic poles" [syn: geographic] [ant: magnetic]

English

Adjective

1. of, or related to geography; geographic

Derived terms

• geographically

Translations

• Dutch: geografisch
• Polish: geograficzny

Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the earth and its features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". The first person to use the word "geography" was Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.). Four historical traditions in geographical research are the spatial analysis of natural and human phenomena (geography as a study of distribution), area studies (places and regions), study of man-land relationship, and research in earth sciences. Nonetheless, modern geography is an all-encompassing discipline that foremost seeks to understand the world and all of its human and natural complexities-- not merely where objects are, but how they have changed and come to be. As "the bridge between the human and physical sciences," geography is divided into two main branches - human geography and physical geography.

Introduction

Traditionally, geographers have been viewed the same way as cartographers and people who study place names and numbers. Although many geographers are trained in toponymy and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation. Geographers study the spatial and temporal distribution of phenomena, processes and feature as well as the interaction of humans and their environment. As space and place affect a variety of topics such as economics, health, climate, plants and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary.

Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into two main sub fields: human geography and physical geography. The former focuses largely on the built environment and how space is created, viewed and managed by humans as well as the influence humans have on the space they occupy. The latter examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation & life, soil, water, and landforms are produced and interact. As a result of the two subfields using different approaches a third field has emerged, which is environmental geography. Environmental geography combines physical and human geography and looks at the interactions between the environment and humans.

The first rigorous system of latitude and longitude lines is credited to Hipparchus. He employed a sexagesimal system that was derived from Babylonian mathematics. The parallels and meridians were sub-divided into 360°, with each degree further subdivided 60′ (minutes). To measure the longitude at different location on Earth, he suggested using eclipses to determine the relative difference in time. The extensive mapping by the Romans as they explored new lands would later provide a high level of information for Ptolemy to construct detailed atlases. He extended the work of Hipparchus, using a grid system on his maps and adopting a length of 56.5 miles for a degree.

During the Middle Ages, the fall of the Roman empire led to a shift in the evolution of geography from Europe to the Islamic world. Scholars such as Idrisi (produced detailed maps), Ibn Batutta, and Ibn Khaldun provided detailed accounts of their Hajj. Further, Islamic scholars translated and interpreted the earlier works of the Romans and Greeks and established the House of Wisdom in Baghdad for this purpose. From the 3rd century onwards, Chinese methods of geographical study and writing of geographical literature became much more complex than what was found in Europe at the time (until the 13th century). the Royal Geographical Society in 1830, Russian Geographical Society in 1845, American Geographical Society in 1851, and the National Geographic Society in 1888. The influence of Immanuel Kant, Alexander von Humbolt, Carl Ritter and Paul Vidal de la Blache can be seen as a major turning point in geography from a philosophy to an academic subject.

Over the past two centuries the advancements in technology such as computers, have led to the development of geomatics and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools. In the West during the 20th century, the discipline of geography went through four major phases: environmental determinism, regional geography, the quantitative revolution, and critical geography. The strong interdisciplinary links between geography and the sciences of geology and botany, as well as economics, sociology and demographics have also grown greatly especially as a result of Earth System Science that seeks to understand the world in a holistic view.

Some influential geographers

• Eratosthenes (276BC - 194BC) - calculated the size of the Earth.
• Ptolemy (c.90–c.168) - compiled Greek and Roman knowledge into the book Geographia.
• Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594) - innovative cartographer produced the mercator projection
• Alexander Von Humboldt (1769–1859) - Considered Father of modern geography, published the Kosmos and founder of the sub-field biogeography.
• Carl Ritter (1779-1859) - Considered Father of modern geography. Occupied the first chair of geography at Berlin University.
• Arnold Henry Guyot (1807-1884) - noted the structure of glaciers and advanced understanding in glacier motion, especially in fast ice flow.
• William Morris Davis (1850-1934) - father of American geography and developer of the cycle of erosion.
• Paul Vidal de la Blache (1845-1918) - founder of the French school of geopolitics and wrote the principles of human geography.
• Sir Halford John Mackinder (1861-1947) - Co-founder of the LSE, Geographical Association of which he later became president, Reading University and author of The Geographical Pivot of History and Heartland Theory.
• Walter Christaller (1893-1969) - human geographer and inventor of Central Place Theory.
• Yi-Fu Tuan (1930-) - Chinese-American scholar credited with starting Humanistic Geography as a discipline.
• David Harvey (1935-) - Marxist geographer and author of theories on spatial and urban geography.
• Michael Frank Goodchild (1944-) - prominent GIS scholar and winner of the RGS founder's medal in 2003.
• Nigel Thrift (1949-) - originator of non-representational theory.

References

See also

Main lists: List of basic geography topics and List of geography topics

• Geographical term stubs
• List of countries
• Geography reference tables
• Map
• World map
• Gazetteer
• Geographical renaming
• National Geographic Society (United States)
• National Geographic Bee (United States)
• Royal Geographical Society (United Kingdom)
• Royal Canadian Geographical Society (Canada)
• List of explorers
• Geographer
• List of geographers
• Navigator

External links

sisterlinks Geography

• Teaching Geography
  • GeoKnow.net - Geography news, information and resources at your fingertips
  • Juicy Geography - ideas and resources for teachers
  • GeoInteractive - shared resources for teachers
  • Geography case studies for students
  • The Geography-Site
  • Geography Teaching Today - Curriculum development project
  • geographyalltheway.com - Online Geography Resources
  • Seterra - Free Geography Software

• Multimedia Geography Resources
  • Google Earth: View the World from your Desktop
  • Flash Animations on Geographical Themes
  • Geography Movies free for download
  • Images of Life on Earth
  • World in the Balance (PBS)
  • Hypergeo : Electronical Encyclopedia of Geography

• Geographical Associations and Pressure Groups
  • International Geographical Union
  • National Geographic Online
  • Royal Geographical Society
  • Association of American Geographers
  • Royal Canadian Geographical Society
  • Canadian Association of Geographers
  • Russian Geographical Society (Moscow Centre)
  • International Geographical Union - Russian National Committee
  • Colegio de Geógrafos - España
  • Col.legi de Geògrafs - Catalunya

Synonyms, Antonyms and Related Words